Academic Model Answers
Library for UK Postgraduates

Browse tutor-verified model answers across MBA, Law, Finance, Research Methods and more. Use as study references for your own work.

200 model answers 30+ subjects covered 50+ UK universities
Find your assignment

Search the Library

Filter by keyword, subject, or both. Updates live as new model answers are added to our portal.

Filtering by “Parallel Computing” Clear filters

Available Model Answers (2)

Real-time Database Sync
Computer Science / Algorithms / Parallel Computing / Clustering

Parallel Algorithms for Hierarchical Clustering: Single-Link, Minimum Spanning Trees and Parallel Architectures

This research paper investigates parallel algorithms for hierarchical clustering, a clustering technique in which individual data points initially form separate clusters and the closest clusters are repeatedly merged until a hierarchical tree structure, or dendrogram, is formed. The paper reviews important sequential clustering algorithms, surveys previous parallel approaches and proposes parallel methods for several commonly used inter-cluster distance metrics. Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… The paper distinguishes between graph-based metrics and geometric metrics. Graph metrics include single-link, average-link and complete-link clustering, while geometric metrics include centroid, median and minimum-variance methods. It also discusses the Lance–Williams updating formula, which provides a general framework for updating inter-cluster distances after agglomeration. Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… A major focus is the relationship between single-link hierarchical clustering and the Euclidean minimum spanning tree. The paper explains that the cluster hierarchy for single-link clustering can be obtained from a minimum spanning tree, making minimum-spanning-tree algorithms highly relevant to efficient hierarchical clustering. It presents practical single-link algorithms with O(n²) time complexity and discusses space requirements and nearest-neighbour update properties. Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… The paper also examines algorithms for metrics satisfying the reducibility property, where nearest-neighbour chains can be used to efficiently determine which clusters to merge. Minimum-variance and graph-based metrics satisfy this property, while centroid and median metrics do not necessarily do so. Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… For more general clustering metrics, the paper describes priority-queue-based algorithms with O(n² log n) sequential time complexity. It then reviews previous parallel work, including parallel implementations of SLINK, Ward’s method and Prim’s minimum spanning tree algorithm. The cited parallel Prim implementation achieves O(n log n) time when sufficient processors are available. Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… The core contribution is a set of parallel algorithms for hierarchical clustering on PRAM, butterfly and tree architectures. For single-link clustering, the paper shows how a parallel minimum-spanning-tree approach can be used and reports an O(n log n) running time using n/log n processors. Similar optimal results are described for centroid, median and minimum-variance clustering, while average-link and complete-link methods are more difficult to optimise on local-memory architectures. Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Overall, the paper demonstrates how hierarchical clustering can be accelerated through parallel computation while preserving the computational structure of different clustering metrics. Its main themes include minimum spanning trees, Prim’s algorithm, single-link clustering, nearest-neighbour methods, PRAM computation, parallel data structures and asymptotic complexity analysis. Prims_algorithm_for_hierarchica… Important: because this file is a journal research paper rather than a university assessment brief, fields such as module name, academic level, assignment type and formal word count do not genuinely apply.

Read Model Answer →
Computer Science / Parallel Computing

Parallel Merge Sort with Load Balancing

This technical research article investigates the performance limitations of conventional parallel merge sort and proposes a load-balanced alternative designed to improve processor utilisation in distributed-memory parallel computing systems. Traditional parallel merge sort progressively reduces the number of active processors during successive merge stages, causing many processors to remain idle and reducing the performance benefits of parallelisation. The proposed approach addresses this limitation by ensuring that all processors continue participating throughout the merging process. Parallel_Merge_Sort_with_Load_B… The paper first explains the conventional parallel merge-sort process, in which data are locally sorted before processors are paired for a series of merging operations. At every subsequent stage, the number of participating processors is halved until only one processor remains responsible for the final merged list. This results in poor processor utilisation and increasing workload concentration. Parallel_Merge_Sort_with_Load_B… The proposed load-balanced parallel merge sort distributes each partially sorted list across multiple processors so that every processor maintains approximately the same number of keys throughout execution. Processor groups use histograms and boundary values to determine how data should be redistributed during merging. Histogram-based partitioning reduces unnecessary data movement, while an index-swapping mechanism is introduced to avoid transferring large blocks of keys when logical processor reassignment can achieve the same result more efficiently. Parallel_Merge_Sort_with_Load_B… Parallel_Merge_Sort_with_Load_B… The algorithm was implemented in C using MPI and experimentally evaluated on a Cray T3E parallel computer and an eight-node PC cluster. Testing considered both uniform and Gaussian key distributions. Results show that performance improvements increase as processor count grows, although communication and histogram-management overhead can reduce benefits for small workloads. Parallel_Merge_Sort_with_Load_B… The proposed technique achieved a maximum merge-phase speedup of 9.6 on a 32-processor Cray T3E and 2.3 on an eight-node PC cluster when processing four million keys. The study concludes that distributing approximately equal workloads across processors can substantially improve parallel merge performance and may also be applicable to related parallel sorting algorithms. Parallel_Merge_Sort_with_Load_B… Overview word count: approximately 330 words. For your portal, I would not label this as university coursework unless you also have the actual assessment brief that uses this paper. This PDF itself only establishes a published academic paper and the authors’ Korea University affiliation.

Read Model Answer →